I. Lub Ntsiab Tseem Ceeb: Cov Ntsiab Lus Tseem Ceeb
Ua ntej koj ua dab tsi, koj yuav tsum nkag siab txog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb no.
1. Cov ntsiab lus ua lag luam thoob ntiaj teb (Incoterms® 2020)
Qhov no yog cov tsiaj ntawv ntawm kev lag luam txawv teb chaws. Incoterms txhais lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus neeg yuav khoom thiab tus muag khoom rau kev xa khoom. Lawv hais tias:
Leej twg them rau dab tsi?
Qhov kev pheej hmoo hloov ntawm tus neeg muag khoom mus rau tus neeg yuav khoom nyob qhov twg?
Leej twg yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev tuav pov hwm thiab kev xa tawm / xa tawm?
Qhov tseem ceeb Incoterms kom paub:
EXW (Ex ua haujlwm):Yam tsawg kawg nkaus lub luag haujlwm rau tus muag khoom. Tus neeg yuav khoom tuav txhua yam ntawm tus neeg muag khoom lub qhov rooj.
FCA (Free Carrier):Tus neeg muag khoom xa khoom, tshem tawm rau kev xa tawm, mus rau qhov chaw muaj npe (xws li, lub davhlau ya nyob twg). Ib lub sij hawm hloov tau yooj yim thiab niaj hnub.
FOB (Free On Board):Classic rau hiav txwv freight. Tus neeg muag khoom lub luag haujlwm xaus thaum cov khoom thauj khoom ntawm lub nkoj. Kev pheej hmoo hloov ntawm lub nkoj rail.
CIF (Tus Nqi, Insurance thiab Freight):Tus neeg muag khoom them tus nqi, freight, thiab kev tuav pov hwm rau lub npe chaw nres nkoj ntawm qhov chaw.Tseem ceeb:Kev pheej hmoo tseem hloov ntawm lub nkoj txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau (xws li FOB); tus neeg muag khoom tsuas yog them rau cov kev pabcuam.
DAP (Delivered Ntawm Qhov Chaw):Tus neeg muag khoom xa cov khoom mus rau qhov chaw muaj npe (xws li, tus neeg yuav khoom lub tsev khaws khoom), npaj rau kev tshem tawm. Tus neeg muag khoom dais txhua qhov kev pheej hmoo thiab cov nqi kom mus txog qhov ntawd.
DPU (Xa ntawm qhov chaw Unloaded):Zoo li DAP, tab sis tus neeg muag khoom kuj yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev tshem tawm.
DDP (Delivered Duty Paid):Lub luag haujlwm siab tshaj plaws rau tus muag khoom. Tus neeg muag khoom xa khoom mus rau tus neeg yuav khoom qhov chaw, tau them tag nrho cov se thiab cov dej num. Complex thiab xav kom tus neeg muag khoom kom muaj kev tuaj yeem tuaj.
2. Kev Them Nyiaj Thoob Ntiaj Teb
Tswj kev pheej hmoo nyiaj txiag yog qhov tseem ceeb. Cov txheej txheem tau teev los ntawm kev ruaj ntseg tshaj plaws rau tus neeg muag khoom kom ruaj ntseg tshaj plaws rau tus neeg yuav khoom.
Kev Them Nyiaj Ua Ntej (lossis Telegraphic Transfer - T/T):Tsawg tshaj plaws rau cov neeg muag khoom, feem ntau rau cov neeg yuav khoom. Tus neeg yuav khoom xa nyiaj them ua ntej xa khoom.
Tsab ntawv ntawm Credit (L/C):Lub txhab nyiaj lav nyiaj them rau tus muag khoom, yog tias tus muag khoom nthuav tawm cov ntaub ntawv ua raws nraim. Qhov kev pheej hmoo sib npaug tab sis yog qhov nyuaj thiab kim dua.Ntsiab:Nws yog kev sib pauv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, tsis yog khoom.
Documentary Collection (D/P lossis D/A):Cov tsev txhab nyiaj ua tus neeg nruab nrab los pauv cov ntaub ntawv rau kev them nyiaj (D/P - Cov ntaub ntawv tiv thaiv Kev Them Nyiaj) lossis rau kev cog lus them nyiaj (D/A - Cov ntaub ntawv tawm tsam Txais). Kev ruaj ntseg tsawg dua li L/C rau tus neeg muag khoom.
Qhib Account:Tus neeg yuav khoom them nyiaj tom qab tau txais cov khoom (xws li 30, 60, 90 hnub). Feem ntau txaus ntshai rau tus muag khoom, yooj yim tshaj plaws rau cov neeg yuav khoom. Yuav tsum muaj kev ntseeg siab lossis kev pov hwm credit.
3. Cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb hauv Kev Lag Luam Thoob Ntiaj Teb
Kev lag luam khiav ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Qhov yuam kev ntawm no tuaj yeem ua rau qeeb thiab nqi ntau heev.
Commercial Invoice:Cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb rau kev hloov pauv tus nqi, siv rau kev lis kev cai clearance thiab them nyiaj.
Packing List:Qhia cov ntsiab lus, qhov hnyav, thiab qhov ntev ntawm txhua pob. Qhov tseem ceeb rau logistics thiab kev lis kev cai.
Bill of Lading (B/L) / Air Waybill (AWB):Daim ntawv cog lus ntawm kev thauj mus los ntawm tus neeg xa khoom thiab tus neeg nqa khoom.
B/L: A cov ntaub ntawv nperau cov khoom. Leej twg tuav tus thawj sib tham B / L tswj cov khoom. (Hiav txwv Freight)
AW:Yogtsis yogib daim ntawv teev npe; nws yog daim ntawv txais nyiaj. Cov khoom raug tso tawm rau tus neeg xa khoom npe. (Air Freight)
Certificate of Origin (COO):lees paub qhov chaw tsim khoom. Yuav tsum tau los ntawm qee lub tebchaws thiab thov kom tau txais cov nqi se tshwj xeeb raws li kev cog lus ua lag luam.
Insurance Certificate:Cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj tias cov khoom muaj kev pov hwm tiv thaiv kev poob lossis kev puas tsuaj thaum thauj mus los.
4. Logistics thiab Supply Chain
Hom Kev Thauj Mus Los:Nkag siab qhov zoo / qhov tsis zoo ntawm Huab Cua, Dej Hiav Txwv (FCL vs. LCL), Rail, thiab Kev thauj mus los.
Freight Forwarders / Kev lis kev cai Brokers:Koj cov neeg koom tes tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Lawv yog cov kws tshaj lij hauv kev npaj thauj, tswj cov ntaub ntawv, thiab kev lis kev cai. Ib tug zoo forwarder yog tsim nyog lawv hnyav nyob rau hauv kub.